This chapter identifies the conceptual linkages between gender and natural resources from a political economy perspective, and highlights common trends across resources and regions that help demonstrate these linkages. Gender analysis of resource highlights the ways in which the interplay of masculinities and femininities embodied by individuals and institutions is integral to the prevalent economic system, and the impact of these on the access to and management of resources. The chapter provides an overview of the 'gender gap' in assets that exists in agriculture in countries in the Global South. The discussion on agriculture, however, has to be placed within the context of the current global food economy, which has emerged against the backdrop of accelerated and uneven agricultural trade liberalization. The chapter highlights three main concerns of literature on gender and access to water for irrigation in agriculture. It finally discusses the activist and policy responses, along with the range of alternatives to the prevalent system of resource management.